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FliACTIClL. MEMOKAKDA 


FOK THE USE OF 


PRODUCERS, REFINERS AND SHIPPERS 


OF 


PETROLED M. 







) 

1 > 






CLEVELAND, O.: 


w. S. KOHISON & CO., 05 AND 67 FRANKFORT K 

1872 






Entered according to Act ot Congress, in tlie year 1872, by 
HENRY E. W R I G L E V, 

in the ollice of tlie Librarian of (Congress, at Washington, D. C. 


* < 



U 












INDEX 



PAGE 

Preface . 

• . ;> 

Geological Notes. 

. . 7 

Table of Levels.. 

. 11 

Table of Air-Line Distances .... 

18 

Table of some Well Records . . . . 

. 10 

Producing—B oilers and Engines. 

20 

Fuel . . . ' . 

. 24 

Tubing. 

27 

Tanks . 

. 28 

Tables of Contents 

29 

Various diameters for one inch 

in height 29 

Surveys and Lines .... 

82 

Torpedoes ...... 

. 85 

Refining —Amount produced from Crude . 

37 

Fire-Tests, Hydrometers, etc. 

. 88 

Table of Gravities and Weight 

39 


Handling and Shipping —Pipe Lines, Construction of, and 

Method of Calculation.43 

Miscellaneous —Ropes. 48 

Excavations, etc.48 

Timber..49 











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PREFACE. 


The writer has undertaken this small work for the 
purpose of presenting a nucleus, around which may be 
gathered practical ' data, useful in a .very important 
branch of mining, manufacture and commerce; and also 
as a means of blending the information on each separate 
head, among all engaged in the trade. Likewise to have 
at hand for ready reference, such practical and tabled 
information as may be applicable to the work of this 
section. 

Tt has been his province, during a residence of eight 
years in this country, to deal in one direction simply 
with useful facts, and he trusts that the reception of 
these memoranda will enable him to add to them still 
more materially in the future. 

He has endeavored to select them with great discrim¬ 
ination, for he considers that figures are both alluring 
and deceptive. It is but human nature, in estimating 
results, to throw the benefit of all doubts in the scale of 
some favored project. 

Investigation has always its positive and negative 
poles; no spark of fact can be elicited until both are 
joined, or both sides impartially considered. 

The subjects embraced have heretofore suffered much 
from immature reasoning. They were comparatively with¬ 
out past precedent, and open to the random opinions of 
every dabbler in science. 

Most of the tables and other statistics given, have 
been prepared by careful calculation, or reduced by the 
same means from the best authorities bearing upon the 
subject. 

To any one looking for a complete treatise upon the 
production and consumption of oil, the work will un¬ 
doubtedly ^seem unfinished and disconnected. 

It is, however, intended primarily for the use of busi¬ 
ness men in all Ijranches of the trade, and as such must 
be necessarily condensed, and free from even auxiliary 
subjects. 

If it will enable any interested in the subject of 
Petroleum to conduct their work with increased general 
comprehension, it will be considered a gratifying result. 

Titusville, Jamiarjs 1872. 



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Shoiviiio the area and rclath'eposi 

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lores t .(Uarion.BiiHei’.tavrrence.Ann 

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GEOLOGICAL NOTES. 


The geology of the oil country is a subject upon which 
so many theories have been wrecked, that it is not with¬ 
out considerable hesitation that any attempt is made to 
state even what are supposed to be accepted facts. It is 
not purposed here to put forth any particular views of 
the writer, but to arrange, in a simjde way and without 
technical expressions, the few main features of the sub¬ 
ject, as part of a foundation upon which may be built, 
in the future, a more detailed exposition of the whole 
matter. 

It is well known that the Allegheny Mountains divide 
the United States geologically as well as geographically; 
that east of them lie the transition, the primitive and the 
alluvial formations, and west of them the great second¬ 
ary formation, or formation by deposition from water. 
[See Map A.) 

This secondarv formation extends across the conti- 

«/ 

nent, from the Alleghenies to points far west of the Mis¬ 
sissippi. 

Whether the great valley, drained by the Mississippi, 
was once swept over by an ocean, of which the great 
lakes are but the remaining puddles, is not an object of 
immediate interest. That the Alleghenies formed the 
shore or beach of some such body of water, that along its 
edge were strewed animal and vegetable remains, it is 
undoubtedly safe to assume. 

The presence of carbon, as the base of oil, shows that 
these deposits were either animal or vegetable; it 
being the base of the animal and vegetable world, as 
silica is of the mineral world. 

Of course the drill does not reach these deposits. They 
lie perhaps almost uniformly under this edge of the 
formation, at a depth of from 30,000 to 40,000 feet. 

The heat at this depth, although only a matter of 
estimate, is doubtless very great, as we know that between 
150 and 2,000 feet in depth, there is an increase of 30^. 



8 


Geological Notes. 


It would seem, then, that these dei)osits of animal or 
vegetable matter are volatilized and thrown olf into the 
upper rocks, and condensed there, by the lower tempera¬ 
ture, into the liquid oil. 

Into what rock the gas will eider, will depend 
upon the character of the rock. A close slate or sand¬ 
stone will resist it, but wherever it finds a crevice or an 
open porous rock, it will force its way into it and con¬ 
dense there. 

Consequently the rock itself is the guide of the driller 
in searching for oil, and the location of the oil-])rodncing 
spots, resolves itself into that of the existence of this por¬ 
ous sand rock. {See Map B.) 

All the oil-producing spots that have been found in 
this section of the United States, are included in a belt 
of twenty miles in width, stretching from Western New 
York to Tennessee, in a line parallel with the Alleghenies, 
and lying about fifty miles to the west of them. This belt 
is defined on Map A. The producing spots themselves 
are in area but the smallest specks upon this belt, and are 
scattered over it in such an indiscriminate manner, that 
it is impossible to trace any connection between them, 
or, rather, to deduce the position of one producing spot 
from others, with any degree of satisfaction. Map B 
shows the producing spots in that portion of the whole 
belt comprised in the Pennsylvania Oil Region. (For 
an enlarged view of the same see large maps published 
by the writer.) It is equally impossible to trace any 
connection between these spots and the water-shed or 
river drainage of the country. 

A matter which will somewhat affect the question of 
oil production at the south end of the belt, is the dip of 
the sand rock deeper into the earth as it goes south. 
Although this is in a great measure counteracted by the 
general slope of the water-shed of the country in that 
direction, it will still average, as near as can be ascertained 
by leveling and drilling, about thirty inches to the mile. 

One great fact stands prominently forward in the re¬ 
sults of all investigation into this matter: that we are 
yet in the infancy of oil development, and that it will 
still be found in vast quantities along this range for many 
generations yet to come. 

Professor Silliman says that “ Petroleum is uniformly 
regarded as a product of vegetable decomposition.” 



Geological Notes. 


9 


Professor Dana says ‘‘ Petroleum is a bituminous liquid 
resulting from the decomposition of marine or land 
plants, (mainly the latter), and perhaps also of some non- 
nitrogenous animal tissues.” 

Professor Denton says “ It is a coral oil, not formed 
from the bodies of the coral polyps, as some have sup¬ 
posed, but secreted by them from the impure waters, 
principally, though not exclusively, of the Devonian 
times.” 

The sand stone beds in Avhich the oil is found, belong 
to the Chemung group of the Devonian formation. It is 
so called from the Chemung river, in the state of Mew 
York, where it is well exhibited. 


TEMPERATURE OP THE EARTH AT DIFPE:REMT DEPTHS AS ASCER¬ 
TAINED FROM THE ARTESIAN WELL, AT GRENELI,E IN FRANCE. 

150 feet ----- 53° Fabr. 

1326 “ - - - - 74° “ 

1650 “.79° “ 

1806 “ . - - - 81° “ 















































































• • r _ 



Vifl • ■ 












TABLE OF SOME WELL RECORDS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE OIL REEION. 


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TABLE OF SOME WELL RECORDS LN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE OIL REIHON. 

(continued.) 


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BOILERS AND ENGINES. 


In arranging for the use of steam in connection with 
any work, it is worth while to remember that the 
boiler is the source of all poioer. Black and clumsy as 
it may appear to a superficial observer, its deficiency 
cannot be overcome by the most careful attention, or the 
most perfect machinery. 

The breaking weight of boiler plates is the same 
either across or with the direction of the fibre. 

Assuming the strength of the boiler plate itself to 


be.100 

The strength of a double riveted joint is. 70 

of a single riveted joint is. 5G 


Table of equal strengths tn cylindrical boilers from 3 to 
8 feet diameter, showing the thickness of metal in 

EACH, RESPECTIVELY, AT A PRESSURE OP 450 LBS. PER SQUARE 
INCH. 

.Diameter. Thickness of Plates in decimals of an inch. 

/ n 

3.0 .250 ■ 

3.G. .291 

4.0.- 333 

4.6 .- - .376 

5.0.- .416 

5.6 . .458 

6.0 - - - ... ..500 

6.6 .541 

7.0 -.- .583 

7.6 .621 

8.0 .- .666 


Table op the cohesive strength of boiler iron at differ¬ 
ent TEMPERATURES. 


32° to 80°, the tenacity was 56000 lbs. 


.570° to 0°, 

720° to 
1050° 

1240° “ “ “ 

1317° “ “ “ 

3000° iron becomes finid. * 


66500 lbs. the maximnni. 
55000 lbs. 

32000 lbs. 

22000 lbs. 

9000 lbs. 


The tenacity of the iron increasing as its teinporature 
was raised until it reached a temiierature of 550° above 






Boilers and Engines. 2 1 

freezing point, at which point its tenacity began to di¬ 
minish. 

Temperature at which clean iron will evaporate water 
is 334<^ F. 

When the plate is hotter than this, the water is not so 
readily vaporized, as a species of repulsive action occurs. 
For instance, drops which require one second to disap¬ 
pear at a temperature of 334° required 152 seconds to disT 
appear at a temperature of 395°. These results, however, 
would be modified by increasing the quantity of water. 

In order to raise steam with economy, the surface of 
water in the boiler exposed to the fire, ought not to be 
less than ten square feet per horse-power. 

One pound (avoirdupois) of water contains 27.72 cubic 
inches. 

One cubic inch of water forms 1696 cubic inches of 
steam at 212°. 

Therefore one pound of water will form 27.31 cubic 
feet of steam at 212° 

Steam in contact with w.ater is at its maximum density. 

The constituents of water by weight and measure are. 

By Aveight, By measure, 

Oxygen, 88.9 1 

Hydrogen, 11.1 2 

One cubic inch of water (distilled) at its maximum den¬ 
sity of 39°.83, the barometer at 30 inches, weighs 252.6937 
grains, and is 828.5 times heavier than atmospheric air. 

A cubic foot weighs 998.068 ounces, or 62.37925 lbs. 
avd. For facility of computation, a cubic foot is taken 
at 1000 oz., and 62.5 lbs. At a temperature of 212° its 
weight is 59.675 lbs. 

Below 39°.83 its density decreases at first very slowly 
but progresses rapidly, to the point of congelation, the 
weight of a cubic foot of ice being but 57.25 lbs. It 
expands .089 = of its bulk in freezing. 

From 40° to 12° it expands .00236 of its bulk, and 
from 40° to 212° it expands .04012 = .00023325 for every 
degree, giving an increase in volume (from 40° to 212°) 
of 1 cubic foot in 24.92 ft. 

Height of a column of ) 1 lb. per sq. inch, is 2.306 ft. 

water {it 60° equivalent /■ 

to the pressure of ) Tlie atmospliere is 33.949 ft. 

35.84 cubic feet water weigh one ton. 

39.13 ‘‘ ice “ 



ENGINES, HORSE POWER. 


The horse-power of engines is designated in two ways: 
Lst, as nominal, or calculated with a uniform pressure 
and velocity. 2nd, as actual, or effective horse-power, 
calculated from the real performance of the engine. 

To ascertain the nominal horse-power of an engine,— 
(non-condensing,) based on a uniform pressure of GO lbs. 
per square inch, (steam gauge,) cut off at half the 
stroke, deducting one-sixth for friction and losses, and 
with a mean velocity of 250 feet per second—we have the 

a 

formula: horse-power. 

d=diameter of cylinder in inches. 
v=velocity of the piston in feet per minute. 

TABLE OF NOMINAL HORSEPOWER, COMPUTED FROM ABOVE 

FORMULA. 


Diameter of Cylin-'Stroke of Piston in 

Revolutions pr. 

Horse-Power. 

(ler in inches. 

feet. 

Minute. 


6 

1.0 

125 

9. 

6 

1.5 

85 

9.2 

7 

1.0 

125 

12.2 

7 

1.5 

85 

12.5 

8 

1.5 

85 

16.3 

8 

1.75 

75 

16.9 

9 

1.5 

87 

21.1 

9 

1.75 

75 

21 3 

9 

2.0 

60 

21.4 

9 

2.5 

53 

21.5 

10 

1.5 

87 

26.1 

10 

1.75 

76 

26.6 

10 

2.0 

68 

27.2 

10 

2.5 

55 

27.5 

10 

3.0 

47 

28.2 

10 

3.5 

41 

28.7 

10 

4.0 

36 

28.8 

11 

2.0 

70 

33.9 

11 

2.5 

55 

33.3 

11 

3.0 

46 

33.4 

11 

3* 

40 

33.9 

11 

4.0 

36 

34.9 

12 

2.0 

68 

39.2 

12 

2 5 

55 

39.6 

12 

30 

47 

40.6 


















Engines^ Horse Power. 


23 

To ascertain the actual or effective power of an en¬ 
gine, (non-condensing,) we have the following for¬ 
mula : 

A=area of cylinder in square inches. 

P=mean effective pressure upon cylinder piston in 
lbs., per square inch, inclusive of atmosphere. 

f= friction of the engine in all its parts added to the 
friction of the load,.in lbs., per square inch. 

s=stroke of the piston in feet. 

r=revolutions per minute, 
then— 

A X P —(f+14.7) X 2sr , 

-^000-= horse-power. 

The value of f may be safely estimated at 2.5 lbs. per 
square inch for the friction of the engine in all its parts, 
and the friction of the load may be taken at 7| per 
cent, of the remaining pressure. 

EXAMPLE. 

With an engine having a cylinder of 10 inches, 
stroke four feet, making 45 revolutions per minute, and 
steam-gauge indicating 60 lbs., we should have— 

A = 78.54 sq. inches. 

P = 60 +14.7=74.7 lbs. • 

f =2.5 + (60 +14.7—2.5) x .075 = 7.92 lbs. 

Then 78.54 x (^+147—7.92 4-14.7) x 2 x 4 x 45 = 

~ 33000 

44.6 horse power. 

A shorter method of calculating horse-power, is to use 
the unit ol 550 lbs. moved one foot per second, instead 
of 33000 lbs. one foot per minute. 









FUEL. 


Tlie fuel in common use in this section is either coal 
or wood. 

Of wood fuel it may be observed, that the quantity of 
moisture in a newly-felled tree is from 20 to 50^. Birch 
contains 30, Oak 35, Pine 39. There is never less than 
10^ present, even when it has been kept for a long time 
in a dry place. 

For every 14 parts of an ordinary pile of wood there 
are 11 parts of space, or a cord of wood in pile has 71.68 
feet of solid wood and 56.32 feet of space. 


Table of Comparative Powers of Wood and Coal. 


Combustible. 

Lbs. of Water 
which 1 lb. can 
Heat, 

from 0° to 212® 

Lbs. of Boiling 
Water 

Evaporated by 

1 lb. 

Weight of 
Atmospheric Air 
at 32° to burn 

1 lb. 

Perfectly dry Wood, 

35.00 

6.36 

5.96 

Ordinary Wood, - 

2G.00 

4.72 

4.47 

Coal, ----- 

00.00 

10.90 

9.26 


From 15 to 20^ of the heating power of coal is due 
to its volatile ingredients, hydrogen and oxygen. 

The least consumption of coal yet attained is lbs. 
per hour per indicated horse-power. It usually varies in 
different engines from 2 to 8 lbs. 


Composition of Coal. 



Carbon. 

Hydrogen. 

Oxygen 
and Nitrogen. 

Ash. 

Economical 
Value of 100 parts. 

Cannel, - 

83.75 

6.49 

10.86 

0.13 

262 

Anthracite, 

91.98 

3.92 

3.16 

0.94 

273 










































Fuel. 




Table op Lbs. of Anthracite Coal Usually Consumed per 
Day of 12 Hours per Horse-Power. 


H. P. 

LBS. 

! 

4 

168 

G 

252 

8 

336 

10 

420 

12 

504 

14 

588 

16 

672 [ 

18 

756 

20 

840 

22 

924 

24 

1008 


H. P. 

LBS. 

26 

1092 

28 

1176 

30 

1260 

32 

1344 

34 

1428 

36 

1512 

38 

1596 

40 

1680 

42 

1764 

44 

1848 


H. P. 

LBS. 

46 

1933 

48 

2016 

50 

2100 

i 52 

2184 

54 

2268 

56 

2352 

58 

2436 

60 

2520 

! 62 

2604 

1 G4 

1 

2688 


H. P. 

LBS. 

66 

2772 

68 

2856 

70 

2940 

72 

3024 

74 

3108 

76 

3192 

78 

3276 

80 

3360 

82 

3444 

84 

3528 


To Determine the Temperature of a F ire. 


Steel becomes a very faint Yellow - 
a pale Straw color - 
a full Yellow _ - - 

Brown 

Brown with Purple Spots 
Purple 

Blue - - - . 

Full Blue - 

Dark Blue, almost Black, 


- at 430°Falir. 

“ 450° 

i( 

- “ 470°- 

li 

“ 490° 

a 

- “ 510° 

u 

“ 530° 

it 

- “ 550° 

ti 

“ 560° 

it 

- “ 600° 

(t 


OF THE USE OF HYDRO-CARBONS FOR FUEL. 

On this subject, which is one doubtless still worthy 
of some consideration, the following deductions from 
the experience of the past few years may prevent much 
useless labor. 

Ist. No complicated invention is necessary to effect 
a perfect combustion of liquid fuel. A very simple 
arrangement of a pan with covers, and a steam jet prop¬ 
erly introduced, will accomplish all that can possibly be 
desired. 

2nd. The best results that have yet been reliably 
obtained in this matter, with ordinary boilers, show the 
relative heating power of Petroleum to be about 2^ 
times that of Anthracite Coal; or that oil at 13 per 
barrel is as economical as coal at 110 per ton. 

8rd. The apparently intense heat of the oil flame is 





































26 


Fuel, 


deceptive as to actual result, as a glance at the steam- 
gauge will readily show. It lacks the steady body of lieat 
that coal supplies. 

4th. That such a strong draft is required for this 
fuel, that much of the heat often passes into the air, 
and any attempt to remedy this by return flues causes a 
deposit of carbon which detracts not only from the vital 
substance of the fuel, but obstructs the transmission of 
its heat. 

That a boiler might be constructed to remedy these 
points is unquestionably possible,—that the result at¬ 
tained would ever overcome the difference in cost of the 
fuels is not so probable. 




TUBING. 


Tlie tubing that is in nse for well and shipping pur¬ 
poses, is generally made of wrought iron plates of number 
6 or 7 wire gauge, heated in a furnace and turned over 
a round bar, the joint, in lap-weld tubing, being formed 
by passing it, while hot, through a combination of rollers, 
which turn up the edges and then press or weld them 
down upon each other. 

In butt-weld tubing, the edges are simply made very 
hot, and then joined in the rollers. 

Tubing, to be merchantable for oil purposes, must stand 
a test of 1,200 lbs. per square inch of internal pressure. 

The connecting joints of the tubing have been the 
subject of considerable study; it having been found that 
the ordinary thread cut upon the end of each length had 
a tendency to leave a weak spot at the termination of the 
thread, just outside the thimble, where it was easily affect¬ 
ed and often broken by the jar caused in pumping. 



Mr. Allison’s tapering thread, and thimble to corres¬ 
pond, as shown in the cut, is perhaps the best remedy for 
this. The depth of the thread being lessened as it re¬ 
cedes from the end of the tubing, adds the principle of 



































28 


Tubing. 


the wedge to that of the ordinary screw joint, witlioiit 
lessening, at any point, tlie full strength of the material. 


STATISTICS OF TWO INOK TUBING. Iliclies. 

Actual outside diameter 2.374 

Thickness of metal.0.154 

Actual inside diameter - - . - - - 2.067 

Internal circumference ----- 6.404 

External circumference.7.461 

Length of pipe per square fool of inside surfkce ft. 1.848 
Length of pipe per square foot of outside surface “ 1.611 

Internal area of section.in. 3.355 

External area of section - - - - “ 4.430 

Length of pipe containing one cubic foot - - ft. 42.36 

Weight per foot in length - - - - lbs. 3 667 

No. of threads per inch of screw - - - 1U 

Taper of threads on each side - - - 1 to 32 

Length of pipe containing one gallon - - ft. 5 636 


TANKS. 


TO ASCERTAIN THE INTERNAL PRESSURE OF THE 

FLUID CONTAINED. 

TO ASCERTAIN THE PRESSURE ON THE BOTTOM OF THE TANK. 

Multiply the area of the bottom in feet, by the height 
of the stave or side, and the product by the weight of 
a cubic foot of the fluid. 

TO ASCERTAIN THE PRESSURE ON THE SIDES OF A TANK WHEN 

PERPENDICULAR. 

Multiply the circumference of the tank by its height 
to obtain the area of the sides; multiply this area by 
half the height of the tank, and this product by the 
weight of a cubic foot of the fluid. 

Oil of 45° gravity weighs 50.87 lbs. per cubic foot. (See 
table in Refining.) 

When the sides of the tank are sloping, the mean cir¬ 
cumference will be taken. 

The pressure of the fluid upon any part of the vertical 
side of a tank, is proportionately as the scptare root of 
its distance from the surface. 

In the construction of iron tanks the tables of 
strengths of boiler plates and riveted joints for relative 
pressures Avill be found useful. 







Contents of One Inch in Height for Various Diameters of 

Cylindrical Tanks. 


Diameter, j 

Circum. 

Area. 

Galls. 

Diameter. 

Cix'cum. 

Area. 

Galls. 

Ins. 

Inches. 

Sq. Inches. 

Ins. 

Inches. 

S(i. Inches. 

6 

18.849 

28.274 

.122 

48 

150.797 

1809.,562 

7.8,34 

7 

21.991 

38.485 

.167 

49 

153.938 

188,5.745 

8.163 

8 

25.133 

50.266 

.218 

50 

157.08 

1963.5 

8.5 

9 

28.274 

6.3.617 

.275 

51 

160.222 

2042.825 

8.843 

10 

31.416 

78.54 

.34 

52 

163.363 

2123.722 

9.194 

11 

34.558 

95.033 

.411 

53 

166. ,505 

2206.189 

9.,551 

12 

37.699 

113.098 

.490 

54 

169.646 

2290.226 

9.914 

13 

40.841 

132.733 

.575 

55 

172.788 

2375.8,35 

10.285 

14 

43.982 

153.938 

.666 

56 

175.93 

2403.014 

10.662 

1.5 

47.124 

176.715 

.765 

57 

179.071 

2,551.765 

11.047 

16 

50.266 

201.062 

.870 

58 

182 213 

2642.086 

11.438 

17 

53.407 

226.981 

.983 ‘ 

59 

18.5.354 

2733.977 

11.835 

18 

56.549 

254.470 

1.101 1 

60 

188.496 

2827.44 

12.24 

19 

59.69 

283.529 

1.227 1 

61 

191.638 

2922.473 

12 651 

20 

62.832 

314.16 

1.36 

62 

194.779 

3019.078 

13.070 

21 

65.974 

346.361 

1.499 

63 

197.921 

3117.253 

13.495 

22 

69.115 

380.134 

1.646 

64 

201.062 

3216.998 

13.926 

23 

72.257 

415.477 

1.799 

65 

204.204 

3318.315 

14.365 

24 

75.398 

4.52.39 

1.958 

66 

207.370 

3421.202 

14.81 

25 

78.54 

490.875 

2.125 

67 

210.487 

3525.66 

1,5.263 

26 

81.682 

530.93 

2.298 

68 

213.629 

3631.69 

15.722 

27 

84.823 

572.557 

2.479 

69 

216.77 

3739.289 

16.187 

28 

87.965 

615.754 

2.666 

70 

219.912 

,3848.46 

10.66 

29 

91.106 

660.521 

2.859 

71 

223.054 

39,59.201 

17.139 

30 

94.248 

706.86 

3.06 

72 

226.195 

4071.514 

17.626 

31 

97.39 

754.769 

3.267 

73 

229.337 

4185.,397 

18.119 

32 

100.531 

804.250 

3.481 

74 

232.478 

4,300.85 

18.618 

33 

103.673 

855.301 

3.703 

75 

2,35.62 

4417.875 

19.125 

34 

106.814 

907.922 

3.93 

76 

238.762 

4536.47 

19.638 

35 

109.956 

962.115 

4.165 

77 

241.903 

46,56.6,37 

20.1,59 

36 

113.098 

1017.878 

4.406 

78 

245.045 

4778.374 

20.686 

37 

116.239 

1075.213 

4.6.55 

79 

248.186 

4901.681 

21.219 

38 

119.381 

1134.118 

4 91 

80 

251.328 

,5026. ,56 

21.76 

39 j 

122.522 

1194.593 

5.171 

81 

2,54.47 

5153.009 

22.307 

40 i 

125.664 

1256.64 

5.44 

82 

257.611 

,5281.03 

22.862 

41 

128.806 

1320.257 

5.715 

83 

260.7,53 

5410.621 

23.423 

42 

131.947 

1385.446 

5.998 

84 

263.894 

5541.782 

23.99 

43 1 

135.089 

1452.205 

6.287 

85 

267.036 

5674.515 

24.,565 

44 

138.23 

1520. .534 

6.582 

86 

270.178 

5808.818 

25.140 

45 ' 

141.372 

1.590.435 

6 885 

87 

273.319 

,5944.093 

25.735 

46 

144.514 

1661.906 

7.194 

88 

276.461 

0082.138 

26.33 

47 

147.655 

1734.949 

7.511 

89 

279.002 

6221.1,53 

26.931 


29 










































JO T'able of Contents of Thanks. 


Diameter. 

Circum. 

Area. 

Galls. 

Diameter. 

Circum. 

1 

Area. 

Galls. 

Ids. 

Inches. 

Sq. Inches. 


Ins. 

Inches. 

Sq. Inches. 


90 

282.744 

6361.74 

27..54 

136 

427.258 

14526.7.58 

62.886 

91 

285.886 

6.503.897 

28 155 

137 

430.399 

14741.173 

63.815 

92 

289.027 

6647.626' 

28.778 ! 

138 

433.541 

14957.1.58 

64 75 

‘)3 

292.169 

6792.925, 

29 407 ! 

139 

436.682 

15174.713 

65.691 

94 

295.31 

6939.794 

30.042 1 

140 

439.824 

1.5393.84 

66.64 

95 

298.452 

7088.235 

30.685 

141 

442.966 

1.5614.537 

67.595 

96 

301.594 

7238.246 

31.334 

142 

446 107 

15836.806 

68..5.58 

97 

304.735 

7389.829 

31.991 

143 

449.249 

16060.645 

69.527 

98 

307.877 

7542.982 

32.6.54 

144 

452.39 

16286.0.54 

70 502 

99 

311.018 

7697.705 

33.323 

145 

45.5. .532 

16513.035 

71.485 

100 

314.16 

7854. 

34. 

146 

458.674 

16741.586 

72.474 

101 

317.302 

8011.865 

34.683 

147 

461.815 

16971.709 

73.471 

102 

320.443 

8171.302 

35.374 

148 

464.957 

17203.402 

74.474 

103 

323.585 

8332..309 

36.071 

149 

468.098 

17436.665 

75 483 

104 

326.726 

8494.886 

36.774 

1,50 

471.24 

17671.5 

76.5 

105 

329.868 

86.59.035 

37.485 

'151 

474..382 

17907.905 

77.523 

lOG 

333.01 

8824.7.54 

38.202 

1.52 

477.523 

1814.5.882 

78.554 

107 

336.151 

8992.045 

38 927 

1.53 

480.665 

18385.429 

79..591 

108 

339.293 

9160.906 

39.658 

154 

483.806 

18626..546 

80 634 

109 

342.434 

9331.337 

40.395 

1.55 

486.948 

18869.235 

81.685 

110 

345.576 

9503. .34 

41.14 

1.56 

490.09 

19113.494 

82.742 

111 

348.718 

9676.913 

41.891 

157 

493.231 

193.59..325 

83.807 

112 

351.859 

9852.057 

42 65 

1,58 

496.373 

19606.726 

84.878 

113 

355.001 

10028.773 

43.415 

1.59 

499.514 

198.55.697 

85.955 

114 

358.142 

10207.058 

44.186 1 

Il60 

,502.6.56 

20106.24 

87.04 

115 

361.284 

10386.915 

44.965 

161 

,505.798 

20358.3,53 

88.131 

116 

364.426 

10568.342 

45.7.5 

162 

508.939 

20612.038 

89.23 

117 

367. .567 

10751.34 

46.543 

163 

512.081 

20867.293 

90.335 

118 

370.709 

1093,5.91 

47.342 

164 

515.222 

21124.118 

91.446 

119 

373.85 

11122.049 

48.147 i 

165 

518.364 

21382.515 

92.565 

120 

376.992 

11309.76 

48.96 ’ 

166 

521.506 

21642.482 

93.69 

121 

380.134 

11499.041 

49.779 

167 

524.647 

21904.021 

94.828 

122 

383.275 

11689.894 

50.606 

'l68 

,527.789 

22167.13 

95.962 

123 

386.417 

11882.317 

51.439 

|169 

, ,530.93 

22431.,809 

97.107 

124 

389.558 

12076.31 

.52.278 

170 

534.072 

22698.06 

98.26 

125 

392.7 

12271.875 

53.125 

171 

1 ,537.214 

22965.881 

99.419 

126 

395.842 

12469.01 

.53.978 

172 

540.355 

23235.274 

100.586 

127 

398.983 

12667.717 

54 839 

173 

.543.497 

23,506.2,37 

101.759 

128 

402.125 

12867.994 

55.706 

174 

546.6.38 

23778.77 

102 938 

129 

405.266 

13069.841 

56.579 

175 

,549.78 

24052.875 

104.125 

130 

408.408 

13273.26 

57.46 

176 

,5,52.922 

24328.,55 

105.318 

131 

411..55 

13478.249 

58.347 

177 

1 ,'),56.063 

24605.7971 106.519 

132 

414.691 

13684.81 

59.242 

178 

5,59.205 

24884.614 

1 107.726 

133 

417.833 

13892.941 

60.143 

179 

562.346 

125165.001 

! 108 939 

134 

420.974 

14102.642 

61.05 

180 

565.488 

25446.96 

110.16 

135 

424.116 

14313.915 

61.965 

181 

,568.63 

25730.489 

111.387 














































Table of Contents of Tanks. 


3^ 


c 

o 

o 

a 

Q 

Circum. 

Area. 

Galls. 

Ins. 

Inches. 

Sq. Inches. 

182 

571.771 

26015.59 

112.622 

183 

574.913 

26302.261 

113.863 

184 

578.054 

26590.502 

115.11 

185 

581.196 

26880.315 

116.365 

186 

584.338 

27171.698 

117 626 

187 

587.479 

27464.653 

118.895 

188 

590.621 

27759.178 

120.17 

189 

593.762 

28055.273 

121.451 

190 

596.904 

28352.94 

122.74 

191 

600.046 

28652.177 

124.035 


Diameter. 

Circum. 

Area. 

Galls. 

Ins. 

Inches. 

Sq. Inches. 

192 

603.187 

28952.986 

125.338 

193 

606.329 

29255.365 

126.647 

194 

609.47 

29559.314 

127.962 

195 

612.612 

29864.835 

129.285 

196 

615.754 

30171.926 

130.614 

197 

618.895 

30480.589 

131.951 

198 

622.037 

30790.822 

133.294 

199 

625.178 

31102.625 

134.643 

200 

628.32 

31416. 

136. 




































t 


SURVEYS AND LINES. 


One of the first jioints that call for the attention of 
the producer, is that of the correct location of the lease 
or fee-simple upon which his operations are to be con¬ 
ducted. 

Wliile the matter is rendered difficult by the latitude 
given in old surveys, and by imperfect recitations of 
title, (both arising from the low value in wliich these 
lands were formerly held,) there are still certain general 
facts and principles, which, if thoroughly understood, 
would often prevent considerable loss and annoyance. 

Tlie title to all the land in this section comes origin¬ 
ally from the IState. 

The counties of Crawford, Venango, Warren, Forest, 
Armstrong, Clarion, Mercer and Butler, were covered 
by large grants or sales to various parties, which were 
generally located so as to include all the valuable level , 
table lands and exclude the steep and rugged hill-sides 
known as the river-tracts. 

These river-tracts, together with the unoccupied spaces 
between the large grants, were afterwards sold and pat¬ 
ented by the State directly to separate purchasers. The 
large grants were divided off and numbered in what are 
called whole tracts, so that the title to any piece therein 
refers to the number of the whole tract in which it is 
situated. 

The State lands are described entirely from metes and 
bounds, courses and .distances; a copy of the original 
survey being always to lie found in tlie Land Office at 
Harrisburg. 

In the location of land from descriptions or surveys, it 
is all important to bear in mind the one fact, that estah- 
lished land-marks are paramount to everything else. 

Development destroys land-marks almost invariably, 
for the reason that if A has a good well, his neighbor B 
will put one just as close to the line as he can possibly 
come, and then A, to protect himself, puts another close 
to B’s. 



Surveys and Lines. 


33 


If a perfectly straight line is drawn between any two 
old eorners, there will be found between the line trees 
that are most to the left of this line and the line trees 
that are most to the right of this line, a distance of from 
ten to twenty feet. When the line trees are gone, a well 
which was fairly upon IVs land, could be shown by the 
straight line to be upon A’s. 

If operators would accurately locate and maintain 
their corners and lines before developments destroy 
them, and in addition to this, have them carefully noted 
by the surveyor, so that he can re-locate them and tes¬ 
tify to them when they are gone, much future trouble 
would be avoided. 

A very small, insignificant tree may bear a mark, that, 
to a practical eye, will prove uncontrovertible. 

It is essential, if a valuable line or witness tree has 
been cut down, that the marks should be carefully cut 
out in the presence of a witness who can note its situa¬ 
tion. 

These blocks will almost unerringly tell the age of the 
mark, each ring of the tree counting a year; and from 
this, the date of the survey, and the survey itself, if on 
record, can be readilv found. 

The law of lines cannot be better defined than in the 
following decision of Chief Justice Gibson in the case of 
Cox vs. Crouch. (8 Barr, p. 147.) 

Where land is described in a deed of conveyance, or 
in official surveys, by courses and distances, and also by 
calls of adjoinders,.the latter, where there is any discrep¬ 
ance, invariably govern. 

“ Natural or artificial landmarks, descriptive of lands 
conveyed, constitute the true boundaries; and the 
courses and distance, if added, serve but to point to¬ 
wards the place. 

‘‘ By reason of imperfection of instruments, as well as 
ine([ualities of surface and carelessness of assistants, 
extreme accuracy is not to be attained by the compass 
and chain; while, on the other hand, call for natural 
objects, or, what is much the same, known and estab¬ 
lished lines of contiguous tracts, admit of perfect 
certainty. 

When a vendor, therefore, conveys by established 
land-marhs, the subject of the grant will neither over- 



34 Surveys and Lines 

run nor fall short of them. They form the true hound- 
aryT 

Attempts are often made to locate land by accurate 
measurements from established points, without regard to 
land-marks or efforts to search for them. Measurements 
alone can only be relied upon when all land-marks have 
been destroyed, and then should be taken in order of 
priority of title, from the nearest established point. 

Disputed line cases are generally tried before a jury. 
Any one who has gone through with such a case, knows 
that from the liability of the evidence to tangle,” the 
peculiar piece-meal form in which all evidence must be 
given in court, and the facility with which a smart 
lawyer can mix it, the jury, at the close, are infinitely less 
acquainted with the real facts of the case than they were 
at the beginning. 

The judge, in charging, gives general points of law 
but leaves i\\Q facts to the jury. The result may gener¬ 
ally be obtained from a copper. 

It would save much time and weariness to all con¬ 
cerned, and promote justice, were these cases left to 
arbitration. 

The use of the needle is the primary cause of much of 
the trouble in cases of disputed lines. If the points 
involved in question are carefully located by triangula¬ 
tion, the differences can be shown with an accuracv far 
beyond that obtained by magnetic bearings. 

When we take into consideration the irregular, the 
daily, the annual and the secular variations of the needle, 
together with its liability to be affected by attractions 
that are imperceptible, it will be readily seen that the 
work based upon it must be only relatively correct. 

When much of our state was a trackless forest, the 
needle was the only guide of the surveyor, as it is to-day 
that of the mariner upon the ocean ; but the time of its 
usefulness in this direction has passed, and it would 
save many errors and disputes if the use of magnetic 
bearings were hereafter forbidden by law in the des¬ 
cription of land, and the lines located from established 
points by interior angles and adjoinders. 


I 


TORPEDOES. 


Nitro-glycerine [formula Cg Hg (N 04)3 Og], is pre¬ 
pared by dissolving glycerine in a mixture of equal 
measures of the strongest nitric and sulphuric acids, 
previously cooled, and pouring the solution in a thin 
stream into a large volume of water, when the Nitro¬ 
glycerine is precipitated as a colorless, heavy oil (Spec. 
Grav. LG). 

It is advisable to add the glycerine to the mixed acids in 
very small (quantities at a time, and to cool the mixture 
in a vessel of water after each addition. 

When the Nitro-glycerine has subsided, the water 
may be poured otf, and the oil shaken several times with 
water, so as to wash it thoroughly. 

The formation of Nitro-glycerine resembles that of 
Gun-cotton, three equivalents of Hydrogen being re¬ 
moved from the Glycerine, by the oxidizing action of the 
nitric acid, and three equivalents of nitric per-oxide 
introduced in their place. 

This oil is far more violent in its explosive effects 
than Gun-cotton, more nearly resembling the fulmi¬ 
nates, although not so easily exploded. 

A drop of Nitro-glycerine placed on an anvil and 
struck, explodes with a loud report, even though not free 
from water; and if a piece of paper moistened with a 
drop of it be struck, it is blown into small fragments. 

On the application of a flame, or of red-hot iron, 
Nitro-glycerine burns quietly, and when heated over a 
lamp in the open air, it explodes but feebly. In a closed 
vessel, however, it explodes at about 360° Fahr. with 
great violence. 

The blasting effect of Nitro-glycerine is about ten 
times that of Gunpowder. 

When it is kept, especially if it is not thoroughly 
washed, it decomposes, with evolution of nitrous fumes 
and formation of crystals of oxalic acid. 

Should the gasses accumulate in such force as to 
burst the case, it would explode with great violence the 
entire contents. 



3^ 


Fulminate of Mercury 


It is soluble in Ether and Wood-spirit, and somewhat 
less so in Alcohol. 

It conceals at 40° Fahr. 

o 




FULMINATE OF MERCURY. 


Formula—C 4 IIg .2 N 2 O 4 . 

Fulminate of Mercury is prepared by dissolving one 
part of the Mercury in 12 of Nitric Acid. Spec, 
gray., .87. 

When the chemical action, has subsided, the vessel ^ 
may be filled with water and the fulminate allowed to 
settle. It must be kept, when dry, in corked bottles, lest 
it be exploded between the neck and stopper. 

It is used for the filling of percussion caps; explodes 
by heating to 300°, by the electric spark, and by contact 
with concentrated Nitric or Sulphuric Acid. 

Fulminate of Silver is prepared in a similar way but 
its explosive properties are far more violent. 

Formula—Ag .2 C 4 N 2 O 4 . 

Fulminating Powder —100 parts consist of 

Mercury 70.4 ) _ 

Oxygen 5.G ) 

Pulminic Acid 24 


100 


. » 






REFINING. 


Improvements in the process and machinery of refin¬ 
ing have been so rapid that it would be far from advis¬ 
able to describe any apparatus or mode of proceeding 
as a settled or permanent practice. 

The amount of refined produced from crude oil will 
average, as a general rule, in practice, about 70 per cent, 
for oil of 46° to 48° gravity. 

A greater per centage than this involves the loss of 
fire-test from the presence of the lighter oils, or of bad 
color from the presence of uncombined carbon. 

While it is generally known, it may be worth while 
explaining here, that in the process of heating the crude 
oil, there are thrown over through the vajior pipes many 
different and separate oils. 

At the beginning, we will say, comes over an oil repre¬ 
sented by 11^, afterwards an oil rejn’esented by 
H^, and so on, increasing in density until the oil passing 
over will be, perhaps, H®®. 

At the same time that these oils are passing over, 
other oils are passing, represented perhaps by 0^ H^, 0^ 
HS C 60 H 62 ^ &c. 

The light oils, above 61° gravity, are thrown into the 
benzine tank. 

When the oil that is passing reaches 60° gravity, its 
direction is changed and it is thrown into the distillate 
tank, there to be treated with acid and properly cleaned. 

This operation is called “ cutting off.” The time of 
“ cutting off ” will depend upon the gravity of the crude 
oil. 

Stills are generally cut off from 59° to 64° of gi’avity. 

The point, however, to be generally understood, is that 
the oil which we burn is not a single oil, but a combina¬ 
tion of light and heavy oils, the exact proportion of 
which science has not yet determined. 

In any fire test therefore, the vapors of the light oils 
will be thrown off and will flash, long before the body 
of the oil has been heated sufficiently to burn. 


3 



38 


Refining. 


The adulteration of oil can seldom, if ever, be traced to 
the refiners, as it is not a matter of interest with them to 
do so. 

It can be plainly seen, however, that it is a very simple 
thing to adulterate the best oil with oil of a lighter 
gravity, and, as a consequence, the oil that is retailed 
among the small dealers is very often under fire test. 

The fire test now in use, if used with judgment and a 
knowledge of the facts above stated, is perhaps the best 
that can be found. 

It has been proposed to use a graduated tube, open at 
one end, filled with oil and then inverted (after closing 
the other end) into water heated to a temperature of 
110°; the gasses forming will collect in the upper end 
of the tube and will indicate upon the graduations, by 
their quantity, the test of the oil. 

That this test would not be a just one is evident from 
the fact that an oil that will stand a fire test of 112° 
may, at a lower temperature, throw ofi* light flashing 
vapors, in themselves harmless; and that an oil that 
would burn at 90° would, at even 110°, be comparatively 
free from vapors, the several oils composing it being 
more evenly combined. 

The Hydrometer of Baume, in use for indicating 
gravity, is calculated for a temperature of 60° Fahr. 

When the oil is above or below this temperature at 
the moment of the test, an allowance in the result indi¬ 
cated, of one degree of gravity for every ten degrees of 
gravity above or below 60°, has been usually made. 

It has been extended by Mr. Ohlen, and graduated by 
actual test for various temperatures, and in this form is 
of course more desirable and complete. 

The following table shows Baume’s gravity at 60° 
Fahr. in comparison with the real specific gravity and 
the weight per cubic foot: 




Gravities and Weights. 


39 


Formula: 

o 136 + d 


Baume. 

/ 

Real Gravity. 

Wgt. in Lbs. per Cub. Ft. 

10° 

1000 

62.379 

15° 

966.8 

60.42 

20° 

942.3 

58.87 

25° 

906.8 

56.62 

30° 

879.5 

54.9 

35° 

853.7 

53.31 

40° 

829. 

51.80 

41° 

824.8 

51.50 

42° 

820.2 

51.25 

43° 

815.5 

50.93 

44° 

811.1 

50.68 

45° 

806.6 

50.37 

46° 

802.1 

50.12 

47° 

797.2 

49.82 

48° 

793.3 

49.57 

49° 

789.1 

4931 

50° 

783.9 

49. 

60° 

744.8 

46.56 

70° 

708.7 

44.31 


From this table, proj)erly extended, the gravity of the 
oil might be deduced from its weight; taking the expan¬ 
sion ot oil to be equal to that of water, which is .00023325 
for every degree of heat. 

Then if X=weight per cubic foot at 60°, 
y=:actual weight per cubic foot, 
yz=:x + or—(X X .00023325), 
as the temperature is above or below 60°. 

An ordinary hydrometer calculated for 60°, together 
with a carefully prepared table of gravities and weights 
per cubic foot for all temperatures, would enable oil to 
be sold with perfect accuracy by weight alone. 

The inspection of oil, and the determining of the 
color, is something which requires an eye educated and 
accustomed to the work. Much of the oil that is off 
color comes from the want of attention to the cleaning 
of tank bottoms at proper intervals. 

The improvements in the process of refining have for 
their primary object at present, the reduction of the cost 
of the operation. 



















40 


Gravities and Weights. 


The incentive to this will be readily apparent, when 
it is understood that the amount of refining capacity in 
the large cities and on the creek is considered to be three 
times that warranted by the daily production. 

In the accomplishment of this object large stills have 
been constructed, so that more oil could be run with less 
labor. 

These large stills have been arranged with outer fires 
under the edges of the still, having a strong draught 
towards the centre leading into a high stack, and thus 
saving much in the way of fuel. 

In condensing and treating, also, a very strong, and 
probably successful, effort is being made, not only to do 
away with the old condenser with its vast coils of pipes, 
by substituting the use of steam in the vapor pipes, but 
also to treat the vapor at the same time with acid, and 
thus avoid another stage of the process. 



SULPHURIC ACID, 

When pure, is a heavy, oily, inodorous liquid, having a 
specific gravity of 1.842. It is intensely caustic, and 
chars almost all organic substances by subtracting water 
from them. 

Its affinity for water is very great, doubling its weight 
by the absorption of vapor from the air, if left exposed 
in any open vessel for several days. 

It freezes at 29° Fahr. and boils at 590° Fahr. 

The Sulphuric Acid of commerce is never pure, but 
contains Lead from the leaden chambers in which it is 
made. Arsenic and Nitric Acid. 




COMPARATIVE COMPOSITION 

OF PETROLEUMS & COAL OIL. 


BURMA H OR RAXGOOX PETROLEUM. 

Specific gravity .870—giving a gravity of Baume of 
about 29°, and weight per cubic foot of 54 lbs. 

Contains in distillation— 

Of Tar,.SO per cent. 

Of Crude Oil having Spec. Gravity of 

.850 to .900, - - - 20 per cent. 


PEXNSYLVAIS'IA PETROLEUM. 

An average condensed vapor consists of Carbon, 85.05. 
Hydrogen, 14.30. 





42 


Petroleums and Coal Oil. 


COAL OIL, 

when distilled, consists of Carbon 83.04, Hydrogen 12.31 
and Oxygen 4.65. 

Both the above are liable to considerable variation 
from the quality of the crude material used, but are 
sufficiently correct for ordinary calculation. 

In the distillation of the two following coals these 
results were obtained : 



Crude Oil. 

Ammoniacal 
W ater. 

Coke. 

Gas. 

Cub. Ins. 

Breckenriclge Cannel, 

318.20. 

52.10 

455 

445 

Youghiogheny Coal, 

136. 

52. 

710 

545 


















HANDLING AND SHIPPING. 


After the oil is produced at the well, an important 
question is that of placing it at the nearest shipping 
station with the least expense. 

While this has long been successfully accomplished 
by means of pipe-lines, many most important principles 
and rules of hydraulics have been disregarded, and con¬ 
sequently the amount of work accomplished by the 
outlay of expense, is much below that which could be 
performed at the same cost. 

The ordinary well tubing, being a common and mer¬ 
chantable article, has been adopted as the best conductor, 
and the pumps used, until recently, have been those 
built for the ordinary use of a manufactory or other 
work calling only for a short range. 

The great length of these lines, however, not only 
changes the entire nature of the calculations usually 
made, but presents a branch of hydraulics without any 
parallel case which can be used as a basis. 

If the oil were simply to flow through the pipes by its 
own gravity, or under the head of pressure from a tank 
or reservoir, as in the case of a water supply, the ordin¬ 
ary calculations used for water-pipes would answer. 

But as this method wmuld be far too slow, and as the . 
oil is forced through the pi 2 :)es with a pressure at the 
pumps of from 500 to 800 lbs. per square inch, the 
matter of head is completely overshadowed and absorbed 
by that of friction as the future demonstrations will 
show. 

In the construction of a line it is desirable to know— 

1st. The location presenting the best grade. 

2nd. The highest point to be overcome. 

3rd. The contents of the line. 

4th. The joressure on the pump required to deliver a 
certain amount at the terminus. 

5th. The pressure at various points along the line so 
as to arrange and distribute the tubing. 



44 


Handling and Shipping. 


6th. The size of the Steam and Oil Cylinders best 

«/ 

adapted to do the work of the line. 

7th. The amount of boiler room for the Pump. 

In locating the line it is hardly necessary to observe 
that the nearer it approaches a perfectly straight line, 
both vertically and horizontally, the better it will be. 

It is generally possible to secure a direct course, fol¬ 
lowing, however, the profile of the hills and streams over 
which it passes. 

It is good practice, if you have an elevation to over¬ 
come, to take it at once and get to its highest point in 
as short a distance from the pump as possible. Any 
attempt to reach it by a circuitous route will only 
increase the friction and the consequent labor of the 

pTimp. 

The method of calculating the capacity and pressures 
of a line, can be better understood by the following 
example of a line, eleven miles in length, recently laid. 

The total length of the line, from pumping station to 
the point of delivery, was 60,363 feet. 

G-reatest elevation to be overcome, 403.82 feet. 
Distance of greatest elevation from pump, 8663 feet. 
The pumping station was feet higher than the 

the ground at the point of delivery. 

Estimated height of tanks and platforms to be de¬ 
ducted, say 20 feet, leaving 78.31 feet working difference 
of level. 

For contents of line 

d=diameter of pipe in inches. 

1=length of pipe in feet. 

d2 

Formula: — x 1=: contents in gallons. 

30 

Ai)plied: 

4x60363=8018.4 gals.=187.1 bbls. 



Handling and Shipping. 


45 


CAPACITY OF LIN'E AN^D VELOCITY OF FLOW. 

It was desired to deliver at the terminus 45 barrels per 
hour, of 4d gallons each, or gallons per minute. 

Then if v=:velocity of flow in feet per minute. 
c=:contents of line. 
b = barrels per hour required. 

1 =length of line in feet, 
b X 1 

60 X c 

Applied: 

45 X 1^ — 242 ft. per minute, or 4 ft. per second. 

60 x 187yL ^ ^ 


AMOUNT OF HEAT REQUIRED TO OVERCOME THE FRIC¬ 
TION OF THE LINE. 

p 2 y T 

1 st Formula : (Box) H = (calculated for water.) 

11 = head required in feet. 

G=gallons per minute to be delivered. 

L=length of line in yards. 
d=diameter of pipe in inches. 


Applied: 


1040x20121 

7776 


= 2691.1 feet. 


2nd Formula, (Weisbach), (calculated for water), 

(.0144 X :212^) X -] X l! =h' 

4 /v d 5.4 

h'= head required in leet. 

V = velocity in feet per second. 


Ajoplied: 


1 = length of line in feet, 
d = diameter of pipe in inches. 

2069.4 ft. 


(.0Ulx^bx~x^ 

y'4: 2 5.4 

The variation of these results, being the extremes of 
the standard authorities on these points, is doubtless 
caused by the problem of a pipe of such small diameter, 
worked under such great velocity, being an unusual 
case, not heretofore occurring in the practice of hy¬ 
draulics. 












46 


Handling and '^hipping. 


The formula of AVeisbach, although not as simple as 
that of Box, is undoubtedly the most accurate, from the 
fact that the element of velocity forms one of its 
quantities. 

Its results also correspond with the observations of 
actual practice. 

We have, therefore, as an index of power required to 
deliver 45 barrels i)er hour at the terminus. 

Actual elevation to overcome, - 403.82 feet. 

Head to overcome friction, - - 2069.4 


Total head required, - - 2473.22 

Amount of pressure per square inch for this head 
would be, in water, 1070.05 lbs. = to 2189.41 inches of 
mercury. 

Taking the specific gravity of an average petroleum at 
.878, it would give us a pressure on the pump, for an 
unobstructed line, of 939.46 lbs. per square inch. 

In the construction of a pump, the diameter of the 
oil cylinder should be maintained uniformly at but 50 to 
100 per cent, increase over the size of the pipe. Should 
additional power be required, either on account of' 
greater length of line, or of quantity to be delivered, the 
steam cylinder and length of stroke should be corres¬ 
pondingly enlarged; the motion it is well to confine to 
from 60 to 80 revolutions per minute. 

A pump with a three inch oil cylinder, 14 inch stroke, 
and making 80 revolutions per minute, would deliver 34 
gallons per minute. 

To ascertain the amount of horse-power required, we 
find that the work to be done in the line above cited, is 
equal, when reduced, to 116,100,000 gallons raised one 
foot high in twenty-four hours, or a horse-power of 
24y^^% for water and 21y%% for oil, which would require 
for its exertion a steam cylinder of not less than 12 
inches in diameter. 

It is well to bear in mind that the capacity of the 
pump will be the capacity of the line for the amount to 
be delivered, outside of the strength of the pipe. 

There are a number of minor points in the general 
arrangement for which it would be well to provide. 

A pressure gauge upon the pipe at the pump, will 
indicate at once any leak or break in the line, and enable 





Handling and Shipping. 


47 


tlie engineer to shut off at once before much damage is 
done ; it will also show, by increase, any choking or stop¬ 
page which would have a tendency to burst the line if 
the pumping did not cease at once. 

The air chamber of the pump should be proportioned 
to the demands of the line and its capacity in contents. 
The increase of an air chamber by the addition of verti¬ 
cal tubing is but a slight remedy, as much depends upon 
the bell-shape. 

The force used in propelling the oil comes directly 
from the air chamber, and it should therefore contain a 
sufficient amount of air to present a strongly elastic 
surface to the fluid pressing upon it; and this elasticity, 
to be uniform, can only be obtained from the bell-shaped 
chamber. 

To secure, at the pumping station, the full equivalent 
for the work of the pump, it is not only absolutely essen¬ 
tial that the line be made as direct as possible, but that 
it be kept open to its full extent of diameter, the whole 
distance. Where stop-cocks are used, they should be 
free way cocks having an opening in the plug the exact 
size of the pipe, presenting, when open, no edge to create 
friction. 

Where the pipe enters the receiving tanks it should 
be thrown in by a long sweep, if not direct, and not by 
elbows or sharp bends. 

It must be borne in mind that a pound of resistance 
to be overcome at the terminus requires many pounds 
more labor at the pump. 

For this reason it would be advisable theoretically to 
make a gradual increase in the diameter of the pipe from 
the pump to the terminus, although as these lines are 
often shitted in a few years, it perhaps would not be 
pecuniarily advantageous. 

This problem of hydraulic transit is one which is not 
only novel and interesting, but one which will be regard¬ 
ed with more attention hereafter. 

It may be well to note that the weakness and the 
strength of the points given above, lie in their variance 
with each special application, while, however, the prin¬ 
ciples involved remain unaltered. 

No two lines in different localities and grades could 
ever be laid precisely similar and produce equal results. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 


Excavating and Embankments.— It is better to 
form the outside of an embankment first and to gradu¬ 
ally fill in the centre in order that the earth may arrange 
itself in layers with a dip from the sides inward; this 
will, in a great measure, counteract any tendency to slip 
outward. 

A good laborer can throw out 526 cubic feet of earth 
in ten hours work. 

In transporting earth in a wheelbarrow, the most 
economical method of conducting it, consists in so 
arranging the distance (termed a relay) for the first 
wheelbarrow to go over, that a man can go and return 
in the time it takes to load an empty barrow. 

The relay on horizontal ground has been fixed at 120 
feet, and similar experiments have shown that on sloping 
ground (the inclination of which should not exceed one 
perpendicular to twelve base) in order that the eftbrt of 
a man in ascending may not be too great, the relay 
should be two-thirds of that on horizontal ground. 

Ordinary earth, when perfectly dry and pulverulent, 
takes a natural slope of 43° 10'. 

The natural slope of the same, slightly moistened and 
in its natural state, is 54°. 

The natural slope of fine dry sand varies between 30° 
and 40°. 

Ropes.— The fibres of hemp which compose a rope 
seldom exceed in length an average of 3^ feet. 

Large ropes are divided into two main classes, the 
Cable-laid and the Hawser-laid: the former are com¬ 
posed of nine strands, namely : three great strands, each 
of these consisting of an equal number of secondary 
strands, which are individually formed with an equal 
number of primitive yarns. 

A Cable-laid rope of 8 inches circumference is made 
up of 333 yarns or threads equally divided among the 
nine secondary strands. 



Miscellaneous. 


49 


A Hawser-laid rope consists of only three strands each 
composed of a number of primitive yarns proportioned 
to the size of the rope. For example, if it be 8 inches in 
circumference, it may have 414 equally divided among 
three strands. 

Thirty fathoms of yarn are reckoned equal in length 
to eighteen fathoms of rope cable-laid, and to twenty 
hawser-laid. Hopes from 1 to 2^ inches in circumfer¬ 
ence are usually hawser-laid, from 3 to 10 inches either 
hawser or cable-laid, and over 10 inches always cable- 
laid. 

To estimate the strength of ropes, square the circum¬ 
ference of the rope in inches and take one-fifth of the 
amount for the weight in tons which it will bear. 

Tarred ropes have 25 per cent, less strength than 
white ropes in consequence of the injury the fibres re¬ 
ceive from the high temperature of the tar, 290° 

Manilla ropes have from 25 to 30 per cent, less 
strength than white ropes. 

TO COMPUTE THE WEIGHT OF HOPES, HAWSEKS AHD 

CABLES. 

Kule. Square the circumference and multiply it by 
the appropriate unit in the following table, and the pro¬ 
duct will give the weight per foot in pounds. 

3 Strand Hemp, - - .031 4 Strand Hemp, - - .033 

3 Strand Tarred Hemp, .041 4 Strand Tarred Hemp, .048 

3 Strand Manilla, - - .032 4 Strand Manilla, - - .035 

Timber.— Oak, for the greatest strength and dura¬ 

bility, should be chosen from those soils where it has 
taken the longest time to grow to _ maturity, and of two 
equally dry pieces of any timber in general, that is the 
best which has the greatest specific gravity, or that 
which will have its specific gravity least changed by 
being soaked in water. 

A decay of the top is almost a certain indication of 
the decay of a tree. 

In a similar soil, trees which grow near the outside of 
a forest will be more durable than those in the middle of 
it, and in the same tree, the side which grew toward the 
north will be stronger than the south side. 



50 


Miscellaneous. 


Timber used in damp situations begins to decay at 
the outer ring first (where a whole tree is used) and 
goes on toward the innermost ring. 

When a tree is past its prime before it is cut down, 
it begins to decay at the innermost ring and goes out¬ 
ward. 


WEIGHT OF A CUBIC FOOT OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES. 

Sand (solid),.112.5 lbs. 

“ (loose),.95. “ 

Clay, . - - - _ 120 to 135. “ 

Brick,.119. “ 

One cubic yard of sand weighs, - - 3037. “ 

“ “ “ “ common soil, - - 3429. “ 

Lime and sand, likewise cement and sand, lose one- 
third of their hulk when made into mortar. 


TO ESTIMATE THE NUMBER OF BRICKS IN A STRUCTURE, 

WHEN LAID. 

Allow 14 bricks in length for every ten feet. 

“ 9 “ height for every two feet, 

or 22 bricks to the cubic foot. 


ii 

it 

H 


it 

it 


13 cubic feet of earth weigh one ton. 

17 “ “ “ clay 

21|- “ “ “ gravel 

23^ “ “ “ sand 

39 “ “ “ oak “ “ 

1 cubic foot of cast iron weighs 450 lbs. 
1 “ “ “ wrought iron, 475 “ 

1 “ “ “ closely ham’ered,485 “ 


TO BORE A HOLE THROUGH GLASS. 

Pour turpentine around the point of the drill while 
using. 


A body falling one foot strikes with eight times its 
own weight. 










Miscellaneous. 


51 


Steel may be distinguislied from pure iron by its 
giving a dark gray spot when a drop of diluted nitric 
acid is let fall on its surface, while iron affords a green 
one. 

Exposed to the air, steel rusts less rapidly than iron, 
and the more highly carburetted, the more slowly does 
it rust and the blacker is the spot left by the acid. 


mason’s mastic for coating the inside of cisterns, 

BASINS, ETC. 

Pulverized Bricks,.2 Parts. 

Quicklime,.-2“ 

Wood Ashes,.2 “ 

Sweet Oil,.4“ 


Contraction of Iron.— ymuir of its length for each 
degree of head subtracted. 


TABLE OF TEMPERATURES, POUILLET.” 


Incipient redness, - - 525° 

Dull redness, ' - - 700° 

Cherry red commencing, 800° 
“ brighter, - 900° 

“ full, - - 1000° 


Dark yellow-red, - - 1100° 

Bright ignition, - - 1200° 

White heat, - - - 1800° 

Strong wnite heat, - 1400° 

Dazzling white heat, 1600° 


The curvature of the earth is about 8 inches to the 
mile. 










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Wrigley & Gray, 



SOLICITORS OF PATENTS. 

Office Building, on Pine Street, beyond Abbott House, 

TITUSVILLE, PENN. 


Biislness e s t a 1 i s li e dL in 1864. 


Refer to their past large practice as Land Surveyors in all parts of the 
Oil Region. Their Lease and Corner Stakes, of dry chesnut, painted and 
numbered, preserve the work done in a permanent manner, and are well 
known. Particular attention given to the Settling of Disputed Lines 
and the Locating of Old Lines, now extinct. 

Their experience, also, in the Location and Construction of Pipe Lines 
enables them to guarantee a Line of good capacity, with the lightest 
working expense. 

Refer, also, to the following Buildings, erected by them throughout 
the Region: 

St. John’s Episcopal Church, Rouseville. 

Ascension Chapel, Titusville. 

Citizens’ Bank, Titusville. 

Residence of W. II. Abbott, Esq. 

Residence of A. 11. Bronson, Esq. 

Residence of 11. P. Smith, Esq. 

Residence of P. W. Garfield, Esq. 

Residence of W. C. Chapin, Esq. 

Store of Jno. R. Bevans. 

Beers’ Block, Oil City. 

Episcopal Parsonage, Titusville. 




For the accommodation of patrons, a Patent Agency was established a 
few years since, in connection with Jas. L. Nokuis, Esq., of Washington, 
1). C., enabling Inventors to perfect their drawings and papers under 
their own supervision, and at the same time have the case properly 
attended to Avhen it reaches the Patent Office. 






THEIR new PPS OF THE ENTIRE QIL REGION, 

Oovering over 3,000 Sc^uare AlileB, 

COMPILED FROM THEIR OWN EXTENSIVE PRACTICE AND ACCIMILATED RECORDS. 

The General Map of the Entire Region — from Corry to Brady’s 
Bend — showing whole Tracts, Railways, Pipe Lines, and AcUial 
Producing SpoU. 

Map op the Upper Oil Region — from Franklin to Tideoute —on a 
larger scale, and in Farms. 

Map of the Centre Oil Region — from Franklin to Bradv’s Bend — 
on a larger scale, and in Farms. 

Price, $100.00 caclt; lleviscci Itlocks, extra. 

M’liole Set, $300.00; Revised RloeUs included. 

Each Maj) is divided into a certain number of blocks, and each 
block is photographed, the Maps sold being printed directly from the 
negatives. Should developments cause a rapid change in the ownei'ship 
of a section, the block is revised, and a fresh negative and prints are 
obtained at once. 

ORDERS BY MAIL FOR A>iY BRANCH OF WORK 

Promptly attended to in all parts of the Oil Regions, and executed in 
the best manner. 


Being unprofitable to the employer and discreditable to the employed 
is not wanted under any eirenmstances. 


HENRY E. WRIGLEY, 



136 ONTAIITO ST.. CLE\’ELAND, O. 

AND 


WRIGLEY & GRAY, TITUS Yl LI,E, PENN 






















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PRODUCTION. 


Daily 

Average. 

Price 

Average. 

. 1 

Total Kec’pts 
for Month. 

■ ■ "ii 

Expenses 
for Month. 

1 








Bbls. 


Profit. 






































MOVABLES 


RECORD. 


Whole Depth, 

Length of Driving Pipe, 
First Sand at 
Thickness, 

Second Sand at 
Thickness, 

Third Sand at 
Thickness, 

Fourth Sand at 
Thickness, 

Fifth Sand at 
Tliickness, 


COST, 

RIG-. 

[ Engine and Boiler, 

Rope, Tools, &c.. 

Casing, ft. @ c. 

I Tubing, ft. @ c. 

Wear and Tear, 

Drilling and Driving Pipe, 



FEET. 



MONTE 






































ENCED 


ILLING 


Commenced j^uMPiNG 



PRODUCTION. 



Daily ; Price i Total Eec’pti 

Average. Average. | for Month. ' 

- ------—^ — - i -i 

Expenses 

Profit. 

for Month, 


























...._,.Well. 



RECORD. 


FEET. 


Whole Depth, 

Lengtli of Driving Pipe, 
First Sand at 
Thickness, 

Second Sand at 
Thickness, 

Third Sand at 
Tliickness, 

Fourth Sand at 
Thickness, 

Fifth Sand at 
Tliickness, 


r 

I 

n 

■i 

3 

>! 

3 



COST. 

RIG. 

Engine and Boiler, 

Rope, Tools, cS:c., 

Casing, ft. @ c. 

Tubing, ft. @ c. 


i 

1 

1 

1 

i 

j 

Wear and Tear, 


1 


. 


Drilling and Driving Pipe, 

— 

« » 


MONTH. 





























jCoyViyviENCED pF^lLLING, 
OMyviENCED puyVlPING 


Bbls. 


PRODUCTION. 

Daily Price 
Average, j Average. 


Total Eec’pts 
for Month. 


Expenses 
for Month. 


Profit. 




























SSnjTV A OK 



KEOORD. FEET. 


Wliole Depth, 

Length of Driving Pipe, 

First Sand at 
I'hickness, 

Second Sand at 
Thickness, 

Third Sand at 
Thickness, 

Fourth Sand at 
Tiiickness, 

Fifth Sand at 
Thickness, 

COST. 

RIG-. 

[ Engine and Boiler, 

Hope, Tools, &c.. 

Casing, ft. @ c. , 

i Tubing, ft. @ c. 

Wear and Tear, 


Drilling and Driving Pipe, 


MONTH. 






































pf\I 


ENCED URILLING 


ID 


OMyVlENCED UyVlPlNG 






































MOVABLES 



ELL. 



REfiQBD. TEET. __ 

i MONTE 

Wliole Depth, i 

Length of Driving Pipe, ! 

First Sand at 
Thickness, 

Second Sand at 
Thickness, 

Third Sand at 
Thickness, 

Fourth Sand at 
Tiiickness, 

Fifth Sand at ■ > 

Thickness, i 


COST. 

BIG. 

[ Engine and Boiler, 

Rope, Tools, &c., 

Casing, ft. @ c. 

I Tubing, ft. @ c. 

Wear and Tear, 


Drilling and Driving Pipe, 

































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